In which cognitive stage do children develop abstract thought and logical reasoning?

The correct choice pertains to the stage where children are capable of developing abstract thought and logical reasoning. This stage, known as the Formal Operational stage, typically begins around the age of 11 and continues into adulthood. During this stage, individuals can think systematically about hypothetical concepts, understand complex relationships, and manipulate ideas in their minds without needing concrete objects to refer to.

In this stage, children can engage in problem-solving that involves abstract processes, which allows them to consider possibilities and consequences without direct experience. They can use deductive reasoning, which means they can apply general rules to specific situations, enabling them to think critically and develop scientific reasoning.

On the other hand, in earlier stages like Sensorimotor, Preoperational, and Concrete Operational, children's thinking is limited to more immediate and tangible experiences. In the Sensorimotor stage, children learn through sensory experiences and movement. The Preoperational stage sees children engaging in symbolic play but with limitations on logical thought. The Concrete Operational stage allows for logical thinking, but it is primarily constrained to concrete objects and situations, lacking the ability to handle abstract concepts fully. Hence, the capacity for abstract reasoning emerges distinctly in the Formal Operational stage.